Analysis of China's hard carbon negative electrode material industry in 2022 shows that the industrialization process of sodium ion batteries is steadily advancing,

2023-05-10 11:07

Hard carbon refers to carbon that is difficult to be graphitized, and is a kind of pyrolytic carbon obtained by pyrolysis of polymers, petrochemical products, biomass, etc. Due to the presence of a large number of H, O, N and other heteroatoms in the precursor, the formation of crystalline regions during heat treatment is hindered, resulting in its difficulty in graphitization at high temperatures above 2500 °C.

2. Classification

According to the different pyrolysis carbonization temperatures, hard carbon materials can be divided into high-temperature pyrolytic carbon between 1000-1400 °C and low-temperature pyrolytic carbon at 500-1000 °C; According to different carbon sources, hard carbon materials can be divided into resin carbon (such as phenolic resin, epoxy resin, polyfurfuryl alcohol resin, etc.), organic polymer carbon (such as PVA, PVC, PVDF, PAN, etc.), carbon black (acetylene black prepared by CVD method, etc.), biomass carbon (such as plant residue and shell, etc.).
Compared to soft carbon, hard carbon has more disordered structure, higher defect concentration, higher heteroatom content and greater distance between graphite layers, as well as a more closed pore structure. This facilitates more storage sites and diffusion pathways for Na+ ions. But hard carbon is slightly less economical than soft carbon. Among them, in sodium-ion batteries, hard carbon is the mainstream of current applications with its advantages. In addition, low cost, sustainability and simpler preparation also provide more possibilities for the commercialization of hard carbon materials.

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